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  C---数组
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  <h1 id="利用数组来批量处理数据"><a href="#利用数组来批量处理数据" class="headerlink" title="利用数组来批量处理数据"></a>利用数组来批量处理数据</h1><h2 id="数组"><a href="#数组" class="headerlink" title="数组"></a>数组</h2><p>如果大量数据具有相同属性并且具有内在联系, 就没必要分别给他们分配变量, 利用一个数组就可以储存所有的数据</p>
<p>数组就是用一个统一的名字代表这批数据, 用<code>序号</code>和<code>下标</code>来区分各个数据, 数组中的数据被称为<code>数组元素</code></p>
<h2 id="定义和引用-一维数组"><a href="#定义和引用-一维数组" class="headerlink" title="定义和引用(一维数组)"></a>定义和引用(一维数组)</h2><h3 id="定义-一维数组"><a href="#定义-一维数组" class="headerlink" title="定义(一维数组)"></a>定义(一维数组)</h3><ul>
<li><p>定义数组的一般形式为</p>
<p>  <strong>类型名</strong> <strong>数组名</strong>[常量表达式]</p>
<p>  其常量表达式支持利用定义好的变量进行运算</p>
<p>  <em><strong>注意:一定要使用确定的常变量, 由流输入的未确定变量是不可以用于数组的定义的</strong></em></p>
<p>  如图:</p>
<p>  <img src="/source/52error.png" alt="52error"></p>
<p>  比如:</p>
  <figure class="highlight c++"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> a[<span class="number">10</span>];</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>  表示<strong>数组</strong>名为<code>a</code>, <strong>类型</strong>为<code>整形</code>, 共计<code>10</code>个<strong>元素</strong>, 元素<strong>脚标</strong>从[0-9]</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="引用-一维数组"><a href="#引用-一维数组" class="headerlink" title="引用(一维数组)"></a>引用(一维数组)</h3><p>想要引用数组就直接键入其对应的数组元素即可, 格式为<strong>数组名</strong>[下标数值]</p>
<p>同样下标数值也可以是<strong>整形<code>常量</code><strong>或</strong>整形表达式</strong></p>
<p>如果单独使用数组名, 则返回的是该数组首个元素的地址</p>
<p>(所以数组名可以直接赋值给指针)</p>
<figure class="highlight c++"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">a[<span class="number">0</span>] = a[<span class="number">5</span>] + a[<span class="number">7</span>] - a[<span class="number">2</span>*<span class="number">3</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="确定元素的值"><a href="#确定元素的值" class="headerlink" title="确定元素的值"></a>确定元素的值</h3><p>定义好数组之后, 其中的每个元素都有对应的内存可供使用, 但其中都是没有数值的, 想要对其赋值, 就要用到其对应的元素名</p>
<p><code>元素名 = 对应数值</code>的格式可以用于定义&#x2F;修改一个指定元素的值</p>
<p>如过想在开始的时候就用对元素的值来依次进行定义, 就可以用到与变量差不多的初始化</p>
<p>下面是一个<strong>10位整形一维数组</strong>的简单初始化</p>
<figure class="highlight c++"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 直接对整个数组进行初始化</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> a[<span class="number">10</span>] = &#123;<span class="number">0</span>,<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>,<span class="number">4</span>,<span class="number">5</span>,<span class="number">6</span>,<span class="number">7</span>,<span class="number">8</span>,<span class="number">9</span>,<span class="number">0</span>&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 对部分数据先初始化, 剩下的会自动被赋值&#x27;0&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> b[<span class="number">10</span>] = &#123;<span class="number">0</span>,<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>,<span class="number">4</span>,<span class="number">5</span>&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 对一个数组进行完全初始化时可以不定义其位数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> c[] = &#123;<span class="number">0</span>,<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>,<span class="number">4</span>,<span class="number">5</span>&#125;;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="二维数组"><a href="#二维数组" class="headerlink" title="二维数组"></a>二维数组</h2><p>二维数组就是具有两个下标的数组， 有些数据需要两个因素才能确定其具体值， 所以就有了二位数组</p>
<h3 id="定义二维数组"><a href="#定义二维数组" class="headerlink" title="定义二维数组"></a>定义二维数组</h3><p>就是比一维数组多一个脚标而已</p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">类型 标识符[常量表达式][常量表达式] </span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>多维数组就依此类推脚标即可</p>
<h3 id="二维数组初始化"><a href="#二维数组初始化" class="headerlink" title="二维数组初始化"></a>二维数组初始化</h3><p>二维数组的初始化, 有两种方法(假定一个<code>int a[3][3]</code>)</p>
<ul>
<li><p>数组嵌套</p>
<p>  可以将二维数组想象成一维套一维</p>
  <figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">a[<span class="number">3</span>][<span class="number">3</span>] = &#123; &#123;<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>&#125; , &#123;<span class="number">4</span>,<span class="number">5</span>,<span class="number">6</span>&#125; , &#123;<span class="number">7</span>,<span class="number">8</span>,<span class="number">9</span>&#125; &#125;;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>脚标排序</p>
<p>  或者是依靠脚标顺序来进行自动赋值, 前提是各级脚标或二级长度大小已经确定</p>
  <figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">a[<span class="number">3</span>][<span class="number">3</span>] = &#123;<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>,<span class="number">4</span>,<span class="number">5</span>,<span class="number">6</span>,<span class="number">7</span>,<span class="number">8</span>,<span class="number">9</span>&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//or</span></span><br><span class="line">a[][<span class="number">3</span>] = &#123;<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>,<span class="number">4</span>,<span class="number">5</span>,<span class="number">6</span>,<span class="number">7</span>,<span class="number">8</span>,<span class="number">9</span>&#125;;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
</ul>
<p>不论那种方法, a的数学表达就像矩阵一样</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center"></th>
<th align="center"></th>
<th align="center"></th>
<th align="center"></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td align="center">a</td>
<td align="center">一</td>
<td align="center">二</td>
<td align="center">三</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">一</td>
<td align="center">1</td>
<td align="center">2</td>
<td align="center">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">二</td>
<td align="center">4</td>
<td align="center">5</td>
<td align="center">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">三</td>
<td align="center">7</td>
<td align="center">8</td>
<td align="center">9</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 id="二维数组的调用"><a href="#二维数组的调用" class="headerlink" title="二维数组的调用"></a>二维数组的调用</h3><p>调用也几乎与一维数组一致, 确定脚标, 如何调用就根据程序来确定</p>
<h2 id="字符数组"><a href="#字符数组" class="headerlink" title="字符数组"></a>字符数组</h2><p>字符数组的赋值与数字型数组的赋值有些许的区别</p>
<h3 id="赋值"><a href="#赋值" class="headerlink" title="赋值"></a>赋值</h3><p>在我们定义一个字符串时, 其在系统变量中通常会在结尾出现一个<code>&#39;\0&#39;</code>来代表字符串的结束</p>
<p>所以为了计算长度, 我们通常也会在字符数组的结尾手动添加一个<code>\0</code>来代表结束</p>
<h3 id="调用"><a href="#调用" class="headerlink" title="调用"></a>调用</h3><p>字符数组有两种输出方式, <strong>逐个输出</strong>和<strong>连续输出</strong></p>
<p>逐个输出就利用脚标来进行调用</p>
<p>连续输出就直接调用数组名, 系统会自动根据脚标顺序来对输出对象进行排序</p>
<h3 id="字符数组的字符串处理"><a href="#字符数组的字符串处理" class="headerlink" title="字符数组的字符串处理"></a>字符数组的字符串处理</h3><p>字符串也是一种数组, c++中, 字符串操作函数都要把他们转成数组形式来进行操作</p>
<h3 id="字符数组连接函数"><a href="#字符数组连接函数" class="headerlink" title="字符数组连接函数"></a>字符数组连接函数</h3><figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">strcat</span>(char1[], <span class="type">const</span> char2[]);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>将char1和char2合并放入char1</p>
<h3 id="字符数组复制函数"><a href="#字符数组复制函数" class="headerlink" title="字符数组复制函数"></a>字符数组复制函数</h3><figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">strcpy</span>(char1[], <span class="type">const</span> char2[]);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>将char2覆盖到char1</p>
<h3 id="字符数组比较函数"><a href="#字符数组比较函数" class="headerlink" title="字符数组比较函数"></a>字符数组比较函数</h3><figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">strcmp</span>(<span class="type">const</span> char1[], <span class="type">const</span> char2[]);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>其返回值有三种:</p>
<ul>
<li>char1&#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D;char2 0</li>
<li>char1&gt;char2 &gt;0</li>
<li>char1&lt;char2 &lt;0</li>
</ul>
<p>比较方法为, 从左至右依次比较, 直到出现不同</p>
<h3 id="字符数组长度"><a href="#字符数组长度" class="headerlink" title="字符数组长度"></a>字符数组长度</h3><figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">strlen</span>(<span class="type">const</span> <span class="type">char</span>[]);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>直接返回该字符数组的长度</p>
<p>如”China” &#x3D;&#x3D;&gt; {‘C’,’h’,’i’,’n’,’a’,’\0’}</p>
<p>返回值<code>6</code></p>
<h2 id="字符串"><a href="#字符串" class="headerlink" title="字符串"></a>字符串</h2><h3 id="字符串变量定义"><a href="#字符串变量定义" class="headerlink" title="字符串变量定义"></a>字符串变量定义</h3><p>在c++语法中新增了<code>string</code>类, 也就是字符串相比<code>char</code>类只储存单个字符, <code>string</code>允许用户储存字符串数组为<strong>一整个字符串对象</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><p>定义方法</p>
  <figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">string</span> stringName;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
</ul>
<p>但要注意的是, c++来源是c语言的升级, c语言中原本是没有<code>string类</code>的, 所以想使用string类, 要添加预处理语句</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;string&gt;</span></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="有关字符串的输入输出"><a href="#有关字符串的输入输出" class="headerlink" title="有关字符串的输入输出"></a>有关字符串的输入输出</h3><p>使用C++的流式输入输出即可 也就是 <em><strong>cin</strong></em> 和 <em><strong>cout</strong></em></p>
<h3 id="有关字符串运算"><a href="#有关字符串运算" class="headerlink" title="有关字符串运算"></a>有关字符串运算</h3><p>string类可以使用三种运算符</p>
<ul>
<li><p>直接使用赋值符号</p>
  <figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">stringName = <span class="string">&quot;I am a string object&quot;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>直接进行相加</p>
  <figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">string</span> str1,str2,strSum;</span><br><span class="line">str1 = <span class="string">&quot;str1&quot;</span>;</span><br><span class="line">str2 = <span class="string">&quot;str2&quot;</span>;</span><br><span class="line">strSum = str1 + str2;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">cout</span> &lt;&lt; strSum;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>  输出:</p>
  <figure class="highlight txt"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">str1str2</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>互相进行比较</p>
<p>  string对象之间可以互相进行比较, 可以使用任意一种关系运算符</p>
<p>  其大小关系是根据ASCII码来区分的, 也就是跟字母排列顺序差不多</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="字符串数组"><a href="#字符串数组" class="headerlink" title="字符串数组"></a>字符串数组</h3><p>字符串数组就是一个可以存放字符串的数组, 其元素都是字符串</p>
<p>调用时, 其每个元素都将被当成一个字符串对象来处理</p>
<p><em><strong>总结, C++中对于字符串有两种处理方法, 第一种是<code>字符数组</code>, 第二种是<code>字符串类</code>, 个人从python上遗留的习惯导致我更喜欢使用后者, 因为真的更加简单</strong></em></p>
 
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